The Cultural Differences between the USA and China in Negotiations Free Essay Example, 3250 words

The American culture is high in individualism; hence Americans are more likely to value and prioritize their personal achievements, autonomy, and innovation, as well as individual heroes. For this reason, companies in America are also more likely to value and reward those individuals with high achievement level in their work. Such a culture, therefore, appreciates and rewards progressiveness and creativity. On the other hand, cultures such as the Chinese culture that is high in collectivism are more likely to emphasize the aspect of group harmony, personal relationships, group image, social order, and harmony (Chang 2003). In such a culture, pure individual contribution is not appreciated, as long as it does not serve the interests of a group. For this reason, therefore, the Chinese people are more likely to be more conservative and careful in order to ensure that harmony prevails in the group. In a masculine culture such as Chinese culture, the aspect of gender plays a great role i n the process of hiring and promoting individuals in higher positions of management. Cultures that are male-dominated tend to put a higher value on sons than daughters, since these believe that sons are the only ones qualified to inherit the assets and values of the family. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cultural Differences between the USA and China in Negotiations or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now People in masculine societies also prefer to deal with men than women when conducting business. In addition, people in masculine society tens to revere the aspects of decisiveness, competitiveness, and assertiveness (See Appendix 2). Therefore, the Chinese tend to be aggressive and motivated to achieve their goals, and portray the need to be the best in their field. These also consider all other manly values as important for anyone in a leading role. Furthermore, in a highly masculine culture, there are fewer women taking managerial roles as well as professional positions. However, in feminine cultures, there are more women in the management and professional fields, and these are considered to play an important role in society (Chang 2003).

The Preface By William Lloyd Garrison - 3512 Words

The preface by William Lloyd Garrison describes the encounter between Frederick Douglass and Garrison, at an anti-slavery convention. It tells about how this encounter led to a long partnership between the two as well as Douglass’ involvement in the Anti-Slavery Society. At the convention the people noticed his appearance as well as his intellectual side. The crowd seemed to respond well to the idea of protecting Douglass against his owners. In the convent Garrison says Douglass’ testimony made the audience question their ideas about black being inferior. Garrison then goes on to talk about how any inferior ideas about a race are the cause of slavery. He describes the events where a shipwrecked whites where held as slaves by blacks in Africa because they were seen as inferior. He then goes on to point of that many slaves have endured a much harsher life then Douglass, and he points out how murder of slaves was not being investigated. In the preface there was a letter to Douglass from a Wendell Phillips, addressing Douglass as a friend. He says that he is happy the writing of former slaves is now being published and able to be but into history. The prior history of slave owning was by slave owners themselves and they left out very important details. He then goes on to say that he was astounded at the harsh ways he was treated in an area that was considered a less harsh area. He then goes on to talk about how since he put the real names of himself and of his masters he hasShow MoreRelatedThe Preface Starts Off By William Lloyd Garrison1695 Words   |  7 PagesThe preface starts off by William Lloyd Garrison describing his encounter with Frederick Douglass at an anti-slavery convention in Nantucket. Garrison tells us that Frederick Douglass made an escape from the southern prison house of bondage and that his speech at the convention was a memorable one. Frederick Douglass’s had eloquence and a skill of persuading. Connecting people’s minds and hearts to his words of description about the reality of slavery. The audience responded with great attentionRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass941 Words   |  4 Pagesanti-slavery abolitionists, William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. In the preface of the narrative, William Lloyd Garrison credits Douglass by describing in detail Douglass’ impact on slavery and liberation. Garrison describes, â€Å"Whose minds he has enlightened on the subject of slavery, and who have been melted to tears by his pathos, or roused to virtuous indignation by his stirring eloquence against the enslavers of men!† (Douglass v). In this illustration, William Lloyd Garrison credits Douglass asRead MoreThe Abolition Movement Of The 1800s1547 Words   |  7 Pagesbecoming important, and crucial to the abolishment of slavery. The American Anti-Slavery Society played key roles in the abolition of slavery. The Anti-Slavery Society is what began the abolitionist movement. It was founded in Philadelphia by William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and a few others. This ensemble issued the Declaration of the Anti-Slavery Convention; the Declaration of the Anti-Slavery Convention announced the reasons for formation of the society and establishing its goalsRead MoreThe Anti Slavery Movement By William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur And Lewis Tappan1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Anti-Slavery Movement began to take shape in 1833. William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and other members gathered in Philadelphia and formed the American Anti-Slavery Society. The group was created to provide perspective into slavery. Through the use of almanacs containing poems, drawings, essays, and other material, the Anti-Slavery Society was able to illustrate the horrors slavery. Through the distribution of these alm anacs, people were shown the types of struggles and horrorsRead MoreA Brief Look at Frederick Douglass737 Words   |  3 Pagesstatement of his success was made evident in the preface and afterward, which was written by white abolitionists. William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were abolitionists before meeting Douglass, but upon hearing his story encountered and even deeper and greater aspect of the importance of abolition. Upon having Douglass on the abolitionist’s side, they also received a face and a story to give evidence to the injustices they were talking about. Garrison and Phillips who were noteworthy people atRead MoreFrederick Douglasss Narrative and Its Influence1209 Words   |  5 Pagesrights movement, Frederick Douglass. In 1845, many white people did not consider that a slave was able to write their own autobiography. However, William Lloyd Garrisons preface is an evidence for Douglass that he wrote the book by himself. Douglass was afraid to stand up and tell his story, since he had no education and no public speaking skills. Garrison wants us to keep in mind that the most famous black man in the country is a former slave. This was a way of convincing the crowd of the wrongs ofRead MoreFrederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis930 Words   |  4 Pagesrather than just going out to buy some. William Lloyd Garrison, the author of the preface, brings up a very interesting story while trying to prove Douglass’s credibility. A white slave is a sure thing to keep anyone reading a book, because it is such an uncommon idea. A sailor who is sold into slavery comes back, and he can no longer speak english! His mental deterioration is so terrible, that the language he grew up speaking is foreign to him (Garrison 7). This little story plays to the audienceRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pagesrepresentation of Christianity from Douglass’ Narrative are who Douglass would call â€Å"true Christians† are William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. William Lloyd Garrison is the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Garrison and Douglass met at an abolitionist convention in Nantucket in 1841. Garrison employs Douglass for the abolitionist cause after he hears Douglas speak at the convention. Garrison s tated, â€Å"I shall never forget his first speech at the convention- the extraordinary emotion itRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Rhetorical Analysis1050 Words   |  5 Pagescountless occasions throughout his autobiography, Douglass uses vivid, grotesque and gory imagery to make us feel pain for the slaves. In chapter one, he recounts the time is aunt Hester was whipped â€Å"until her red blood dripped to the floor† by Colonel Lloyd. Using pathos, Douglass also is able to establish parts of his tone. When describing the whippings and how slaves were treated like animals, any reasonable person would expect Douglass to be enraged. He likely was, but he kept a calm, cool, collectedRead MoreSelfdom in Slavedom: Gustavus Vassa1503 Words   |  7 Pagessettled life. On the other hand, Jacobs is born into slavery and raised by her grandmother. We see influences of her family throughout her life, from â€Å"looking up to [her grandmother] with a respect bordering upon awe† to relying on her brother, William, while she waits in the attic to desperately searching for just a view of her children to remind her why she must gain her freedom. Economic developments of the South that led to the reliance on slavery in general and reproduction to further the

Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan free essay sample

When someone intervenes in your life, it’s usually to project their beliefs onto you and force you to stop a destructive behavior. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan, not to stop a destructive behavior, but to project their own wants and needs (for the oil and other resources) onto Afghan culture. Forcing them to submit to foreign rule, the people of Afghanistan fought back to protect their land, as a result creating a war that lasted for ten years. This conflict came to be known as the Soviet-Afghan War. Ultimately, the Soviet Union lost the war and retreated from Afghanistan. However, the effects of this war are still being felt today, as demonstrated in their foreign policies and political interactions with outside countries. Prior to the war, the Soviet Union was in control of the Afghan government. It was when Afghanistan made themselves a constitutional monarchy in 1953 (Origins of Soviet-Afghan War 1). It also began from a coup d’etat by Afghan communists called the â€Å"Saur Revolution in 1978 (Afghanistan War 1). This created tensions between the Soviet Union’s puppet government and Afghan people, because they resented being ruled by a foreign power. Additionally the Soviet Union took advantage of the Afghan people by taking control of the oil fields, allowing the people to only keep a small percentage of the profits. The Soviet Union, to defend their interests continued to become more intimately involved in Afghanistan’s affairs throughout the 1950s and the 1960s pumping billions of dollars into country, to try and establish friendly relations. .Between 1956 to 1978, the Soviet Union gave $2. 1 billion in aid to Afghanistan (Encyclopedia of Russian History 13). † The Soviet Union however, had a bigger picture for the future of Afghanistan. They wanted to take over the country, and did so by gaining power from within. The Soviet Union wanted to gain power in the Southeast Asia. Afghanistan gave them a foot hold, and would set as a positive example for the rest of the world. The Soviet Union’s presence within Afghanistan was cultivated first by two Soviet leaders; the first was Nur Muhammed Taraki and later Hafizulla Amin (Encyclopedia of Russian History 13). Nur Muhammaed Tariki was killed after being caught in the crossfire of a shoot out at his palace, inserting Amin a Soviet sympathizer into power. However, Amin had a hidden agenda, and after gaining power, began working for his own interests rather than the Soviet Unions. The Soviet Union became afraid Amin would destabilize Afghanistan, and they would access to Afghan oil fields. To prevent this loss the Soviet Union ( the home-country) decided to invade Afghanistan on December 27, 1979. Initiating the first phase of the Soviet-Afghan War. This phase utilized three motor rifle divisions, one separate rifle regiment, an airborne division, the 56th Air Assault Brigade, and a separate airborne regiment. The Soviets also used helicopters as their primary source of attack (Soviet-Afghan War 1). Troops quickly entered Afghanistan, gaining control of major urban centers and military bases, but they did not do as much damage as they wanted to. They instead started an even bigger revolution in the country to stand up and fight against the Soviets (Soviet War 1). However, politically they accomplished their goal assassinating Amin the first night of the invasion. Soviet Invasion 1). However, the Soviet takeover accomplished about as much as the American forces did during the Vietnam War. Meaning they won conventional battles but still end up losing the countryside (Soviet-Afghan War 1). Thousands of Afghanistan Muslims joined the Mujahedeen, the Arabic word for â€Å"warriors of god† or â€Å"holy warriors†. The Mujahedeen members organized in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Members of the Mujahedeen were mostly from tribes or villages who had lost loved ones during the Soviet invasion (Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 208). The second phase of Soviet-Afghan War occurred between 1980 and 1985. During this period the Soviet Union was occupying the cities and main axis of communication. However, the Mujahedeen split into small groups and â€Å"waged a guerrilla war† (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). Soviet troops fought and attacked key Mujahedeen locations and bases: †¦in strategic areas in the northeast, especially along the road from Termez to Kabul. In the west, a strong Soviet presence was maintained to counter Iranian influence. Incidentally, special Soviet units would have also performed secret attacks on Iranian territory to destroy suspected Mujahedeen bases, and their helicopters then got engaged in shootings with Iranian jets (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). Even though there was all of this Soviet presence, most of Afghanistan was untouched. Almost eighty percent of Afghanistan escaped the control of the government (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). The Soviet Union had been aiding Afghanistan 1919 by being given special provisions, such as small arms, ammunition, and a few aircraft and a million gold rubles (Russian General Staff 10). This was the beginning of a â€Å"self-defeating† war (Monks 18). But there was still bloodshed. In the year 1985, the Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev demanded a one-year solution be found. Therefore, fighting increased throughout the country, making it the bloodiest year ever for the war (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). The third phase of the war during the mid-1980s was when Afghan resistance got stronger with the aid of the â€Å"United States, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, the Peoples Republic of China and others† (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). This is when the Mujahedeen fought back for their land and their freedom. The Mujahedeen favored guerilla warfare. They originally fought in a very unorthodox way because there was no distinct leadership, but as the war went along, leaders from reputation began to really become leaders by commanding the Mujahedeen forces. The focus also grew to a more patriotic and pride in their independence than just a holy war. â€Å"Afghanistans resistance movement was born in chaos, spread and triumphed chaotically, and did not find a way to govern differently† (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). As the war grew, so did the Mujahedeen forces in Afghanistan. They became more sophisticated in their fighting, and their strength grew in numbers. They also gained Stinger anti-aircraft missiles from the United States in September 1986 (Bradsher 1). They also started to favor sabotage including damaging power lines, destroying pipelines, and radio stations. They would start launching rockets and missiles every day. Also they used land mines very heavily (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). This was all funded by foreign countries such as the United States and other countries. The last and final phase of the war happened during April 1985 to February 1989. The first thing to do was for the Soviet Union to transfer power to the Afghan armed forces to fight the Mujahedeen. Also, they were trying to withdraw from Afghanistan. By May 15 to August 16th, 1988, the Soviets were half withdrawn, and the second half of withdrawn was November 15th, 1988 to February 15th, 1989 (Soviet War in Afghanistan 1). After the Cold War, the Mujahedeen that was left from the Soviet-Afghan War became what is now called the Taliban and al-Qaida. Also, Afghanistan ended up losing one to two million people, while five to ten million fled to Pakistan and Iran (Soviet-Afghan War 1). The total impact of this war is still felt, in ways such as the Afghan Civil War and the present Afghanistan War with the United States. The Taliban was created when the United States gave them weapons to use against the Soviet Union. To prevent these incursions from happening again, the world has to stop and end the Taliban and al-Qaida. If the terrorist and extremist groups are eliminated, then the world can live in greater peace then it currently is in now. The Soviet Union had a lot of influence over the Middle East. It shows in the Soviet-Afghan War; not just during the war but also preceding and following it. A lot of soldiers were lost, both from Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Hopefully, another war like this will never happen again.

Analyze Impact Of Ethics of The Grace Hotel †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Impact Of Ethics of The Grace Hotel. Answer: Introduction The report helps in understanding and analyzing about the roles as well as functions of the managers in the different organizations. The company that has been taken in the report is The Grace Hotel. The main aim of the report is to analyze the impact of the values, diversity and ethics on the organizational culture. This includes the role, behavior and performance of the managers in the respective organization as well. The main purpose of the report is to critically analyze the role of ethical practice and ethics in The Grace Hotel. A proper discussion of legitimacy and role has to be analyzed in the functions of management and its impact on the social and political environment. The structure of the report will include proper introduction on organization, organizational structure, research methodology that has been applied as well as use of the qualitative analysis as well. Proper ascertainments are required in order to understand the challenges and risks of the managers in the organization. Overview of Organization The organization that has been chosen in the report is The Grace Hotel, Australia and there are different kinds of roles and functions of managers in the respective hotel ("The Grace Sydney", 2017). The Grace Hotel is designed in such a manner that it is approachable by all the individuals as it is locally infused. This respective hotel attracts the attention of customers as it is located in the corner of Grand and Thomson. Literature Review on ethics and organizational theories According to Barak, (2016), ethical behavior is essential to be followed in the organizations and it is an important aspect in the success of the business as well. There are different kinds of empirical studies that is available on the ethical behavior and have provided with the theory of right and justice that helps in understanding that proper equality has to be maintained in the organizations and this will provide all the employees equal chance in participating in different issues of the organization as well. On the other hand Klarsfeld et al., (2014) commented that ethical behavior in workplace is combined with the cognition and moral development will help in improving the work of the individuals in the organization. Furthermore, the literature review on the organizational theories helps in analysis of the different principles that has to be followed in the organization. According to Klarsfeld et al., (2014), helps in initiating that todays world is challenging in nature and there is pressure in the organizations as well as there are different employees in the organization who are cross cultural in their approaches as well. Nkomo Hoobler, (2014) commented that there is a requirement of ethical behavior and organizational theories in the organizations as they are related to one another. Klarsfeld et al., (2014) commented that the code of ethics has to be followed by all the employees in the workplace. There are few studies that there is significant influence of the ethical behavior on the code of ethics and the organizational theories as there are employees who believe that ethics plays an essential role in the organizational development (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). Methodology The methodology that has been used in the report is secondary research wherein the report is based on individual case study along with conducting a proper literature review on the ethical behavior and organizational theories. The qualitative analysis has been used in this report as there are different journals, case study and past records on literature review on ethical behavior and organizational theories has been used in order to understand the different roles and functions of the managers. The critical analysis has been done in order to understand the issues that are faced by the company and their implementation in the respective hotel. It included the virtual analysis that includes books and different articles as that helped in understanding the different kinds of role and responsibilities of the manager of the organization. It helped in analysis of the different challenges that are faced by the managers in the organization as well. Roles and functions of manager There are different role and functions of the manager of the respective hotel as: Proper planning and organizing proper accommodation along with catering and other services that are related to the hotel (Kim McLean, 2014) Proper promotional and marketing activities has to be performed by the manager of the hotel as it is their duty to implement proper strategies to attract customers Proper managing the budget as well as financial plan along with other controlling of expenditures (Barak, Findler Wind, 2016) Proper greeting as well as meeting customers as this will plan work schedules along with proper recruitment and training as well (Lyons Kuron, 2014). Challenges and risks faced by managers There are different kinds of risks and challenges that are faced by the manager of the respective hotel named The Grace Hotel. The entire duty of managing the different guests in the hotel is of the manager of the hotel as they are the ones who will handle different grievances of the customers as well (Dipboye Colella, 2013). The manager of the hotel can face different difficulties that include: Improper satisfaction to the customers as this can impact the reputation of the hotel and this can have huge impact on the services provided by the managers and other employees of the hotel (Guillaume et al., 2017) Issues relating to the controlling of cost is another issue wherein it is the duty of the managers of the hotel to check the invoices and understand whether the correct amount has been charged from the customers as this can cause huge issue in the future Improper preparation of the revenue can be another issue for the manager of the hotel as it is the duty of the managers to prepare budgeted revenues as this can have huge increase in the revenue as well (Rees Smith, 2017). The cleanliness can be another issue in the role of the managers as cleanliness is essential as there can be issues in the time of inspection and there can be issues at the time of inspection and this can cause trouble to the entire organization as well. Impact of ethics, value and diversity on culture of organization along with role and performance of managers There is a huge impact of value, ethics and diversity in the organization on the role and performance of the managers as well as there is huge necessity of ethics in the hotel in order to increase the productivity as well as teamwork. The ethics in workplace is an integral part in the workplace as this can have huge influences on the values and culture of the business along with the employees of the organization as well (Mareno Hart, 2014). The decision making process is another important aspect wherein ethical conduct in the organization can encourage the culture of the organization as this will enhance the accountability as well as transparency when taking different decisions on business. A strong guide of ethical code of conduct is essential as this will help in introducing proper change in the workplace (White Rice, 2015). Furthermore, diversity is essential in the hotel as this can help in gaining mutual respect among the individuals and this will increase the reputation of the business as well. There can be promotions in the different level of employees as this can help to increase the morale of the employees and this can have huge impact on the reputation of business as well. The diversity and the ethics as well as values can help in increasing the exposure at the workplace. Role of ethics and organizational theories in hotel The Grace Hotel follows few ethical measures and theories based on organizational culture and diversity as this helped them in maintaining proper diversity in the organization. The respective hotel follows the modern organizational theory that includes different kinds of approaches related to systems, situational approach that has to be followed by the organization in case of different situations (Lim Bernstein, 2014). The organizational environment theory has to be followed by the hotel as well as this will help in understanding the ability of the managers in the organizations to utilize as well as acquire resources. Conclusion Therefore, it can be inferred that proper diversity and ethics has to be maintained in the organization in order to increase the productivity and efficiency in the organization. The Grace Hotel has to maintain and follow different organizational theories in the hotel as this will help them in understanding the different issues that are faced by them along with the entire hotel and incorporate different strategies as this will help in maintaining proper diversity and development in the hotel. The managers of the organization have to properly analyze the different issues that are faced by them regarding diversity and other cultural issues and sort them with proper implementation of strategies. References Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Barak, M. E. M., Findler, L., Wind, L. H. (2016). Diversity, inclusion, and commitment in organizations: International empirical explorations.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,2(2). Chrobot-Mason, D., Aramovich, N. P. (2013). The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity.Group Organization Management,38(6), 659-689. Dipboye, R. L., Colella, A. (Eds.). (2013).Discrimination at work: The psychological and organizational bases. Psychology Press. Guillaume, Y. R., Dawson, J. F., Otaye?Ebede, L., Woods, S. A., West, M. A. (2017). Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(2), 276-303. Kim, S., McLean, G. N. (2014). The impact of national culture on informal learning in the workplace.Adult Education Quarterly,64(1), 39-59. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L. A., Ng, E., Roper, I., Tatli, A. (Eds.). (2014).9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lim, F. A., Bernstein, I. (2014, April). Civility and workplace bullying: Resonance of Nightingale's persona and current best practices. InNursing forum(Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 124-129). Lyons, S., Kuron, L. (2014). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(S1). Mareno, N., Hart, P. L. (2014). Cultural competency among nurses with undergraduate and graduate degrees: Implications for nursing education.Nursing Education Perspectives,35(2), 83-88. Nkomo, S., Hoobler, J. M. (2014). A historical perspective on diversity ideologies in the United States: Reflections on human resource management research and practice.Human Resource Management Review,24(3), 245-257. Rees, G., Smith, P. (Eds.). (2017).Strategic human resource management: An international perspective. Sage. The Grace Sydney. (2017). Grace Hotel Sydney. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://gracehotel.com.au// White, H. L., Rice, M. F. (2015). The multiple dimensions of diversity and culture.Diversity and public administration: Theory, issues, and perspectives, 1.